Remote and low-cost intraocular pressure monitoring by deep learning of speckle patterns.

Significance: Glaucoma, a leading cause of global blindness, disproportionately affects low-income regions due to expensive diagnostic methods. Affordable intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement is crucial for early detection, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Aim: We developed a remote photonic IOP biomonitoring method by deep learning of the speckle patterns reflected from an eye sclera stimulated by a sound source. We aimed to achieve precise IOP measurements. Approach: IOP was artificially raised in 24 pig eyeballs, considered similar to human eyes, to apply our biomonitoring method. By deep learning of the speckle pattern videos, we analyzed the data for accurate IOP determination. Results: Our method demonstrated the possibility of high-precision IOP measurements. Deep learning effectively analyzed the speckle patterns, enabling accurate IOP determination, with the potential for global use. Conclusions: The novel, affordable, and accurate remote photonic IOP biomonitoring method for glaucoma diagnosis, tested on pig eyes, shows promising results. Leveraging deep learning and speckle pattern analysis, together with the development of a prototype for human eyes testing, could enhance diagnosis and management, particularly in resource-constrained settings worldwide.

Analyzing the changing trend of corneal biomechanical properties under different influencing factors in T2DM patients.

To analyze the changing trend of CH and CRF values under different influencing factors in T2DM patients. A total of 650 patients with T2DM were included. We discovered that the course of T2DM, smoking history, BMI, and FBG, DR, HbA1c, TC, TG, and LDL-C levels were common risk factors for T2DM, while HDL-C levels were a protective factor. Analyzing the CH and CRF values according to the course of diabetes, we discovered that as T2DM continued to persist, the values of CH and CRF gradually decreased. Moreover, with the increase in FBG levels and the accumulation of HbA1c, the values of CH and CRF gradually decreased. In addition, in patients with HbA1c (%) > 12, the values of CH and CRF decreased the most, falling by 1.85 ± 0.33 mmHg and 1.28 ± 0.69 mmHg, respectively. Compared with the non-DR group, the CH and CRF values gradually decreased in the mild-NPDR, moderate-NPDR, severe-NPDR and PDR groups, with the lowest CH and CRF values in the PDR group. In patients with T2DM, early measurement of corneal biomechanical properties to evaluate the change trend of CH and CRF values in different situations will help to identify and prevent diabetic keratopathy in a timely manner.

Susceptibility of optic nerve head in children with posture-related elevation of intraocular pressure.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This work aimed to investigate changes in optic nerve head (ONH) morphometry based on Bruch membrane opening in children with extensive nocturnal intraocular pressure (IOP) elevations. METHODS: The course of Bruch membrane opening-based optic nerve head (ONH) morphometry was analysed in thirty-two patients younger than 18 years with evaluable SD-OCT examinations of the ONH and nocturnal posture-dependent IOP elevation above 25 mmHg. Longitudinal changes in neuroretinal rim tissue, as measured by Bruch Membrane opening minimum rim width (BMO-MRW) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, were assessed. RESULTS: One year after the 24 h IOP measurement, global BMO-MRW (- 1.61 ± 16.8 µm, n.s.; p = 0.611) and RNFL (+ 0.64 ± 3.17 µm; n.s.; p = 0.292) measurements were not significantly different from the baseline. No significant BMO-MRW reduction (- 3.91 ± 24.3 µm; n.s. p = 0.458) or deviation in RNFL thickness (+ 1.10 ± 3.52 µm) was observed at the four-year follow-up. Absolute IOP values measured in the supine position did not correlate with changes in global BMO-MRW or RNFL thickness. CONCLUSION: Posture-dependent IOP elevations do not seem to influence retinal nerve fibre layer thickness or Bruch membrane opening-based morphometric data in childhood.

Changes in corneal biomechanics in patients with glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Corneal biomechanics has been implicated in a variety of ocular diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the glaucoma and corneal biomechanical properties, and exploring the value of corneal biomechanics in the diagnosis and follow-up of glaucoma diseases. METHODS: We searched studies in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and clinicaltrials.gov., as of October 8, 2022. Only English studies were included, without publication time limit. We also searched the reference lists of published reviews. This meta-analysis was conducted with random-effects models, we used mean difference(MD) to evaluate the outcome, and the heterogeneity was assessed with the I2 statistic. Subgroup analyses were performed under the appearance of high heterogeneity. We used 11 items to describe the characteristics of included studies, publication bias was performed through the Egger's test. The quality assessment were evaluated by Newcastle-Ottawa Scale(NOS) items. RESULTS: A total of 27 eligible studies were identified for data synthesis and assessment. The result of meta-analysis showed that in the comparison of included indicators, the corneal biomechanics values of glaucoma patients were statistically lower than those of normal subjects in a similar age range. The covered indicators included central corneal thickness(CCT) (MD = -8.34, 95% CI: [-11.74, -4.94]; P < 0.001), corneal hysteresis(CH)(MD = -1.54, 95% CI: [-1.88, -1.20]; P < 0.001), corneal resistance factor(CRF)( MD = -0.82, 95% CI: [-1.21, -0.44]; P < 0.001), and intraocular pressure(IOP)( corneal-compensated intraocular pressure (IOPcc): MD = 2.45, 95% CI: [1.51, 3.38]; P < 0.001); Goldmann-correlated intraocular pressure (IOPg): MD = 1.30, 95% CI: [0.41, 2.20]; P = 0.004), they all showed statistical difference. While the value of axial length(AL) did not show statistically different(MD = 0.13, 95% CI: [-0.24, 0.50]; P = 0.48). CONCLUSION: Corneal biomechanics are associated with glaucoma. The findings can be useful for the design of glaucoma screening, treatment and prognosis.

Is Glaucoma a Two-Pressure-Related Optic Neuropathy? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objectives: To review the current literature related to the correlation between translaminar pressure difference (TLPD) and glaucoma. Materials and Methods: In this article, we conducted a literature review using MEDLINE via PubMed, Cochrane Eyes and Vision, and Google Scholar from 01/01/2010 to 31/12/2022. Search terms included "glaucoma", "intraocular pressure", "translaminar cribrosa pressure gradient/difference", "intracranial pressure", and "cerebrospinal fluid pressure". Of 471 results, 8 articles were selected for the meta-analysis. Results: Our meta-analysis demonstrated significantly higher intraocular pressure, lower cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFp), and greater TLPD in high-tension and normal-tension glaucoma groups compared to healthy groups. Conclusion: The differences in CSFp and TLPD between glaucoma and healthy people detected in current studies suggests a potential relationship between TLPD and glaucoma.

The Effect of Yoga on Intraocular Pressure Using the "iCare HOME2" Tonometer.

BACKGROUND: Various yoga positions may have an unfavorable impact on intraocular pressure (IOP) and may therefore be seen as a potential risk factor for the progression of glaucoma. The new "iCare HOME2" is a handheld self-tonometer for IOP measurements outside clinical settings. This is the first study to evaluate the immediate effect of common yoga postures on the IOP of healthy and glaucomatous eyes using the "iCare HOME2" self-tonometer and to compare the time of IOP recovery in both groups. METHODS: This is a single-center, prospective, observational study including 25 healthy and 25 glaucoma patients performing the following yoga positions: "legs up" (Viparita Karani), "bend over" (Uttanasana), "plough pose" (Halasana), and the "down face dog" (Adho Mukha Svanasana) for 90 s each, with a 2-min break in between. IOP was measured with the "iCare HOME2" before, during, and after each position. RESULTS: IOP significantly increased in all eyes in all positions (p < 0.05), showing no statistically significant difference between healthy or glaucomatous eyes (p > 0.05). The mean rise in IOP in healthy subjects was 1.6 mmHg (SD 1.42; p = 0.037), 14.4 mmHg (SD 4.48; p < 0.001), 7.5 mmHg (SD 4.21; p < 0.001), and 16.5 mmHg (SD 3.71; p < 0.001), whereas in glaucoma patients, IOP rose by 2.8 mmHg (SD 2.8; p = 0.017), 11.6 mmHg (SD 3.86; p < 0.001), 6.0 mmHg (SD 2.24; p < 0.001), and 15.1 mmHg (SD 4.44; p < 0.001) during the above listed yoga positions, repsectively. The highest increase in IOP was seen in the down face position, reaching mean IOP values above 31 mmHg in both study groups. IOP elevation was observed immediately after assuming the yoga position, with no significant change during the following 90 s of holding each pose (p > 0.05). All IOP values returned to baseline level in all individuals, with no significant difference between healthy and glaucoma participants. CONCLUSION: Our data show that common yoga positions can lead to an acute IOP elevation of up to 31 mmHg in healthy as well as glaucoma eyes, with higher IOP values during head-down positions. Given that IOP peaks are a major risk factor for glaucomatous optic neuropathy, we generally advise glaucoma patients to carefully choose their yoga exercises. If and to what extent practicing yoga leads to glaucoma progression, however, remains unclear and warrants further research.

Intraocular pressure measurements in paediatric glaucoma: A narrative review on accuracy, tolerability, and ease of use.

INTRODUCTION: Numerous tonometers are available to measure intraocular pressure (IOP) in children with glaucoma. This review aims to discuss IOP measurement techniques and principles and compare the accuracy, tolerability and ease of use of available tonometers in measuring IOP in paediatric glaucoma patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A review of observational studies was conducted to discuss the accuracy, tolerability and ease of use of tonometers in measuring IOP in children with glaucoma. RESULTS: Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) and its portable handheld versions remain the gold standard in measuring IOP. Tono-Pen (Reichert Ophthalmic Instruments, Depew, New York, USA) and rebound tonometer (RBT) both correlate well with GAT. Although both tonometers tend to overestimate IOP, Tono-Pen overestimates more than RBT. Overestimation is more remarkable in higher IOP and corneal pathologies (such as but not limited to scarred cornea and denser corneal opacity). RBT was better tolerated than other tonometers in children and was easier to use in children of all ages. CONCLUSIONS: RBT is the preferred tonometer for measuring IOP in children with glaucoma, as it is less traumatic, time efficient and does not require fluorescein dye or anaesthesia. However, examiners should use a second tonometer to confirm elevated IOP readings from the RBT.

Design and development of a noninvasive ocular pressure estimator.

SIGNIFICANCE: A snapshot intraocular pressure (IOP) is ineffective in identifying the IOP peak and fluctuation, especially during sleep. Because IOP variability plays a significant role in the progression of glaucoma, monitoring the IOP, especially during sleep, is essential to capture the dynamic nature of IOP. PURPOSE: We aimed to design an ocular pressure estimator (OPE) that can reliably and accurately measure the IOP noninvasively over closed-eyelid condition. METHODS: Ocular pressure estimator works on the principle that the external pressure applied by raising the IOP of the eyeball is transmitted through a compressible septum to the pressure sensor, thus recording the IOP. A fluid-filled pouch with a pressure sensor was placed over a rubber glove mimicking the eyelid (septum), covering the cornea of enucleated goat eyeballs. A pressure-controlled setup was connected to a goat cadaver eye, which was validated by a rebound tonometer. Cannulation of eyeballs through the lower limbus had the least difference from the control setup values documented using rebound tonometer, compared with cannulation through the optic nerve. Intraocular pressures ranging from 3 to 30 mmHg was induced, and the outputs recorded using OPE were amplified and recorded for 10 minutes (n = 10 eyes). We stratified the randomization of the number of times and the induced pressures. RESULTS: The measurements recorded were found to be linear when measured against an IOP range of 3 to 30 mmHg. The device has excellent reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.998). The repeatability coefficient and coefficient of variations were 4.24 (3.60 to 4.87) and 8.61% (7.33 to 9.90), respectively. The overall mean difference ± SD between induced IOP and the OPE was 0.22 ± 3.50 (95% confidence interval, -0.35 to 0.79) mmHg across all IOP ranges. CONCLUSIONS: Ocular pressure estimator offers a promising approach for reliably and accurately measuring IOP and its fluctuation noninvasively under a condition mimicking a closed eye.

A novel intraocular pressure predicting method based on hyperelastic mechanical model of cornea.

Measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) is crucial and remains challenging in diagnosing glaucoma, as it is associated with cornea deformation during inflation. In this study, a three-dimensional analytical model based on hyperelastic constitutive relationship to predict correlation between cornea vertex displacement and the IOP is proposed. The analytical model is validated by rigorous experiments. Rabbit corneas were selected for this study and their mechanical properties were obtained using uniaxial tensile tests. To mimic the environment in which the cornea exists, an artificial anterior chamber equipped with water-injection pipelines was constructed to study the relationship between the corneal vertex displacement with IOP value in practical situation. The experimental results of rabbits corneas prove that the IOP can be deduced based on the measured corneal vertex displacement by the analytical model. Furthermore, subtle difference occurs when comparing the calculated human IOPs with those measured by medical equipment, demonstrating that the proposed method is suitable for monitoring the IOP of human. This novel IOP predicting method provides new inspiration for the design of eyepieces, as well as the preoperative preparation for laser surgery and evaluation of corneal damage.

Effect of digital ocular massage on intraocular pressure and Schlemm's canal dimensions.

Digital ocular massage has been reported to temporarily lower intraocular pressure (IOP). This could be related to an enhanced aqueous humor outflow; however, the mechanism is not clearly understood. Using anterior segment optical coherence tomography, the Schlemm's canal (SC) and trabecular meshwork (TM) can be imaged and measured. Here, 66 healthy adults underwent digital ocular massage for 10 min in their right eyes. The IOP and dimensions of the SC and TM were measured before and after ocular massage. All subjects demonstrated IOP reduction from 15.7 ± 2.5 mmHg at baseline to 9.6 ± 2.2 mmHg immediately after, and median of 11.6 mmHg 5-min after ocular massage (Friedman's test, p < 0.001). There was significant change in SC area (median 10,063.5 µm2 at baseline to median 10,151.0 µm2 after ocular massage, Wilcoxon test, p = 0.02), and TM thickness (median 149.8 µm at baseline to 144.6 ± 25.3 µm after ocular massage, Wilcoxon test, p = 0.036). One-third of the subjects demonstrated collapse of the SC area (-2 to -52%), while two-thirds showed expansion of the SC area (2 to 168%). There were no significant changes in SC diameter (270.4 ± 84.1 µm vs. 276.5 ± 68.7 µm, paired t-test, p = 0.499), and TM width (733.3 ± 110.1 µm vs. 733.5 ± 111.6 µm, paired t-test, p = 0.988). Eyes with a higher baseline IOP demonstrated a greater IOP reduction (Pearson correlation coefficient r = -0.521, p < 0.001). Eyes with smaller SC area at baseline showed greater SC area expansion (Pearson correlation coefficient = -0.389, p < 0.001). Greater IOP reduction appeared in eyes with greater SC area expansion (Pearson correlation coefficient r = -0.306, p = 0.01). Association between change in IOP and change in TM thickness was not significant (Spearman's ρ = 0.015, p = 0.902). Simple digital ocular massage is an effective method to lower IOP values, and change in the SC area was significantly associated with IOP changes.

Corneal biomechanics and their association with severity of lens dislocation in Marfan syndrome.

PURPOSE: To investigate corneal biomechanical properties and its associations with the severity of lens dislocation in patients with Marfan syndrome. METHODS: A total of 30 patients with Marfan syndrome and 30 age-, sex- and axial length (AL)-matched controls were recruited. Corneal biomechanical parameters of both groups were measured by CorVis ST and were compared between groups. Potential associations between corneal biomechanical parameters and severity of lens dislocation were also investigated. RESULTS: Lower applanation 1 velocity (A1V) (0.13 ± 0.004 vs. 0.15 ± 0.003, P = 0.016), shorter applanation 2 time (A2T)(22.64 ± 0.11 vs. 22.94 ± 0.11, P = 0.013), longer peak distance (PD) (5.03 ± 0.07 vs. 4.81 ± 0.05, P = 0.008), longer radius (R) of highest concavity (7.44 ± 0.16 vs. 6.93 ± 0.14, P = 0.012), greater Ambrosio relational thickness horizontal (ARTh) (603 ± 20 vs. 498 ± 12, P < 0.001), and integrated radius (IR) (8.32 ± 0.25 vs. 8.95 ± 0.21, P = 0.033) were detected among Marfan eyes compared with controls (all P < 0.05). Marfan individuals with more severe lens dislocation tended to have increased stiffness parameter as longer A1T, slower A1V, shorter A2T, slower application 2 velocity (A2V), smaller PD and smaller Distance Amplitude (DA) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Marfan patients were detected to have increased corneal stiffness compared with normal subjects. Corneal biomechanical parameters were significantly associated with the severity of lens dislocation in Marfan patients.

Effectiveness and safety of XEN63 in patients with primary-open-angle glaucoma.

This paper evaluates the effectiveness and safety of XEN63 stent, either standalone or in combination with phacoemulsification, in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Eighty eyes from 80 patients with medically uncontrolled POAG were assigned to undergo XEN63 implant. The primary outcome was the surgical success, defined as an intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering from preoperative values ≥ 20% and an IOP absolute value between 6 and 18 mmHg, with or without antiglaucoma medications. Forty-three (53.7%) eyes underwent XEN63-standalone and 37(46.2%) eyes a XEN63 + Phacoemulsification procedure. Success rate was 68.8% (55/80) eyes in the overall study sample, 69.8% (30/43) eyes in the XEN63-standalone group; and 67.6% (25/37) eyes in the XEN63 + Phaco group (p = 0.6133). Preoperative IOP was significantly lowered from 22.1 ± 4.9 mmHg and 19.8 ± 3.7 mmHg to 14.7 ± 5.3 mmHg and 13.8 ± 3.4 mmHg in the XEN63-standalone and XEN63 + Phaco groups, respectively (p < 0.0001 each, respectively); without significant differences between them at any of the time-points measured. Preoperative number of ocular-hypotensive drugs was significantly reduced from 2.3 ± 0.8 to 0.3 ± 0.7 drugs, from 2.5 ± 0.7 to 0.3 ± 0.7 drugs; and from 2.0 ± 0.8 to 0.3 ± 0.7 drugs, in the overall, XEN63-standalone, and XEN63 + Phaco groups, respectively. Regarding safety, 3(42.5%) eyes had transient hypotony at some point during the study, although only in one (1.2%) eye was clinically significant. Four (5.0%) eyes underwent a needling, 4 (5.0%) eyes underwent surgical-bleb-revision, 1 (1.2%) eye required a device replacement and 1 (1.2%) eye a device removal due to maculopathy. XEN63, either alone or in combination with phacoemulsification, significantly lowered IOP and reduced the number of ocular hypotensive medications. The rate of ocular hypotony was relatively high, although it was clinically relevant only in one eye.

Distribution and determinants of corneal volume among healthy young Chinese adults: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have previously reported the normal values of corneal volume (CV) in various populations, whereas little is known about the CV distribution in healthy young Chinese adults. Our study aimed to investigate the distribution of CV and its relationships with other ocular biometric parameters among healthy young Chinese adults. METHODS: A total of 1645 eyes from 1645 students at Dali University in Yunnan Province, China, were analyzed. Pentacam was used to measure CV. Central corneal thickness (CCT) and biomechanically corrected intraocular pressure (bIOP) were evaluated by Corvis-ST. Other biometrical parameters, including axial length (AL), keratometry, and white-to-white (WTW) distance, were measured using IOL Master. RESULTS: The mean age of the study population was 19.01 ± 0.92 years, and 68.81% of them were women. The CV was normally distributed in the whole sample, with a mean value of 61.23 ± 3.22 mm3. CV and CCT were significantly smaller in the Yi ethnic group than in the Han ethnic group (p < 0.01). CCT (coefficient: 0.085; p < 0.001) and keratometry (coefficient: 0.422; p < 0.001) were positively correlated with CV, while AL (coefficient: -0.204; p < 0.001), WTW distance (coefficient: -0.236; p < 0.001) and bIOP (coefficient: -0.06; p < 0.001) were inversely associated with CV. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides an age-specific distribution of CV among healthy young Chinese adults. CCT, keratometry, AL, WTW distance and bIOP were important factors associated with CV.

Twelve-month outcomes of Kahook dual blade goniotomy combined with cataract surgery in Latino patients.

PURPOSE: To evaluate 12 month surgical outcome of Kahook Dual Blade (KDB) goniotomy in combination with cataract surgery in Latino patients with open angle glaucoma (OAG) and ocular hypertension (OHT). METHODS: This retrospective study included 45 eyes of 40 patients who underwent KDB goniotomy combined with cataract extraction from January 2016 to September 2020 at two centers in South America. Primary outcome was surgical success defined as ≥ 20% intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction or ≥ 1 medication reduction from preoperative without additional IOP-lowering procedures and an IOP ≥ 5 mmHg or ≤ 21 mmHg. Additionally, we used 2 cutoffs values for success of IOP ≤ 18 and ≤ 15 mmHg. Secondary outcomes included: IOP, medication use, best corrected visual acuity, complications and failure-associated factors. RESULTS: Success rates at 12 months with cutoff limits of 21, 18 and 15 mmHg were 84.3%, 75.6% and 58.7%, respectively. At 12 months, mean preoperative IOP significantly decreased from 19.23 ± 0.65 mmHg on 2.3 ± 1.0 medications to 14.33 ± 0.66 mmHg on 0.6 ± 0.9 medications (p < 0.001) , with 62% of eyes free of hypotensive medication. Eyes that developed postoperative IOP spikes showed a higher risk for failure using the cutoff limit of IOP ≤ 18 mmHg with a hazard ratio of 3.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.80-7.13; p < 0.001). There were no serious ocular adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: KDB combined with cataract extraction showed safety and efficacy for decreasing IOP in OAG and OHT Latino patients. Additionally, dependence on medications was reduced significantly after surgery.

In vivo evaluation of a nanotechnology-based microshunt for filtering glaucoma surgery.

To carry out the preclinical and histological evaluation of a novel nanotechnology-based microshunt for drainage glaucoma surgery. Twelve New Zealand White rabbits were implanted with a novel microshunt and followed up for 6 weeks. The new material composite consists of the silicone polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and tetrapodal Zinc Oxide (ZnO-T) nano-/microparticles. The microshunts were inserted ab externo to connect the subconjunctival space with the anterior chamber. Animals were euthanized after 2 and 6 weeks for histological evaluation. Ocular health and implant position were assessed at postoperative days 1, 3, 7 and twice a week thereafter by slit lamp biomicroscopy. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured using rebound tonometry. A good tolerability was observed in both short- and medium-term follow-up. Intraocular pressure was reduced following surgery but increased to preoperative levels after 2 weeks. No clinical or histological signs of inflammatory or toxic reactions were seen; the fibrotic encapsulation was barely noticeable after two weeks and very mild after six weeks. The new material composite PDMS/ZnO-T is well tolerated and the associated foreign body fibrotic reaction quite mild. The new microshunt reduces the IOP for 2 weeks. Further research will elucidate a tube-like shape to improve and prolong outflow performance and longer follow-up to exclude medium-term adverse effects.

Effect and safety posterior scleral reinforcement on controlling myopia in children: a meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the efficacy of posterior scleral reinforcement (PSR) on the control of pediatric myopia. Electronic databases were systematically searched. METHODS: Standardized mean differences (SMDs) of outcomes were calculated. Eight studies with 357 patients with pediatric myopia were included. The SMD for the increase in mean axial length (AL) in the PSR and control group was - 1.19 (95% CI - 1.71, - 0.68). RESULTS: The SMD for decrease of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) LogMAR in the PSR and control group was 0.85 (95% CI 0.28, 1.43). The SMD for change in intraocular pressure (IOP) at the time of surgery and at the end of the follow-up period in the PSR group was - 0.01 (95% CI - 0.48, 0.47). CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis indicates that PSR surgery may be an effective therapeutic strategy to control the progression of myopia in childhood with acceptable adverse effects.

Real-time in vivo monitoring of intraocular pressure distribution in the anterior chamber and vitreous chamber for diagnosis of glaucoma.

Glaucoma causes irreversible vision loss due to optic nerve damage and retinal cell degeneration. Since high intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor for glaucoma development, accurate IOP measurement is crucial, especially intravitreal IOP affecting the optical nerve and cells. However, conventional methods have limits in selectively and directly detecting local retina pressure. Here, we present continuous measurements of local IOP values in the anterior chamber and vitreous chamber of living animals using minimally invasive probes with pressure-sensitive transistors. After inducing glaucoma in animal models, we compared the local IOP distribution between normal and glaucomatous eyes. We also compared IOP values detected in the cornea using tonometry measurements. Our findings revealed that glaucoma induced higher IOP in the vitreous chamber than in the anterior chamber, indicating that measuring IOP in the vitreous chamber is key to the glaucoma model. This progress offers future directions for diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma.